The Quality of the Combatants
in the Black Hawk War
by Robert C. Daniels
Footnotes and Works Cited
Footnotes
[1]. Sometimes written as Sauk. Cyrenus Cole, I Am a Man: The Indian Black Hawk
(Iowa City, IO: The State Historical Society, 1938), 20.
[2]. Black Hawk, Life of Black Hawk, ed. by Milo Milton Quaife (New
York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1994), xxi.
[3]. A confederation between the separate Sac and Fox Indian tribes had existed
for several generations, resulting in the tribes normally being associated as
one tribe under the combined title of ‘Sac and Fox.’ William T Hagan, The Sac
and Fox Indians (Norman OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958), VII.
[4]. James Lewis, Ph.D, The Black Hawk War of 1832 (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/background.html,
23 January 2007).
[5]. Black Hawk’s group of Sac and Fox Indians were dubbed the British Band
because they continued to associate and trade with the British at Fort Malden
in defiance to the United States Government’s wishes. Allan W Eckert, The
Twilight of Empire: A Narrative (Ashland, KY: Jesse Stuart Foundation,
2004), 66.
[6]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/scholarshipindex.html, 23
January 2007).
[7]. The Winnebago Prophet was Wabokieshiek (White Cloud), a half-Sac,
half-Winnebago medicine man and self proclaimed prophet, who had a village
(Prophet’s Town) and land about thirty-eight miles up the Rock River from the
Mississippi River. Eckert, 519.
[8]. Ibid., 166.
[9]. Ibid.
[10]. Ibid., 154.
[11]. Ibid., 167.
[12]. Hagan, 148.
[13]. Edward M Coffman, The Old Army (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1986), 42.
[14]. Ibid., 55.
[15]. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster
Paperbacks, 1995), 44.
[16]. Ibid.
[17]. Ibid.
[18]. Lloyd H. Efflandt, The Black Hawk War, Why? (Rock Island, IL:
Rock Island Arsenal Historical Society, 1986), 6.
[19]. Donald, 46
[20]. Eckert, 199.
[21]. Efflandt, 6.
[22]. Eckert, 199-200.
[23]. Ibid., 190.
[24]. Efflandt, 6.
[25]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2a.html, 23 January
2007).
[26]. Donald., 45.
[27]. Ibid.
[28]. Efflandt, 6.
[29]. Eckert., 191.
[30]. Black Hawk, 56.
[31]. Hagan, 153-154.
[32]. Eckert, 241.
[33]. Cole, 139.
[34]. Eckert, 242-243.
[35]. Hagan, 138.
[36]. It has never been proven why Neapope and the Winnebago Prophet purposely
mislead Black Hawk. Neopope especially was a close friend, confidant, and
strong supporter of Black Hawk.
[37]. Hagan, 158.
[38]. Donald Jackson, Black Hawk: an Autobiography (Urbana IL:
University of Illinois Press, 1964), 123.
[39]. Cole, 149.
[40]. Ibid.,152.
[41]. Hagan, 160.
[42]. Eckert, 257.
[43]. Hagan, 159.
[44]. Wakefield, John Allen, History of the War between the United States and
the Sac and Fox Nations of Indians, and Parts of Other Disaffected Tribes of
Indians, in the Years Eighteen Hundred and Twenty-Seven, Thirty-One, and
Thirty-Two. Edited by Stevens Frank Everett. (Jacksonville, Ill.:
Calvin Goudy, 1834. As printed by permission: Northern Illinois University at
http://colet.uchicago.edu/cgi-
bin/getobject_?c.58:6./projects/artflb/databases/artfl/lincoln/IMAGE/, 18 Aug
2006), 51.
[45]. Jackson, 123.
[46]. Hagan, 160.
[47]. Eckert, 255.
[48]. Cole, 152.
[49]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2a.html).
[50]. Jackson, 126-127.
[51]. Ibid., 126.
[52]. Eckert, 288.
[53]. Ibid., 163.
[54]. Efflandt, 7.
[55]. Eckert, 260.
[56]. Jackson, 127.
[57]. Eckert, 63.
[58]. According to Black Hawk himself. Cole, 24.
[59]. Eckert, 42.
[60]. Ibid., 24-25.
[61]. Efflandt, 10.
[62]. Hagan, 164.
[63]. Cole, 25.
[64]. Hagan, 164.
[65]. Ibid., 162.
[66]. Ibid, 164.
[67]. Ibid.
[68]. Donald, 44.
[69]. Ibid., 45.
[70]. Eckert, 423.
[71]. Cole, 141.
[72]. Hagan, 166.
[73]. Ibid., 153.
[74]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2b.html, 23 January
2007).
[75]. Eckert, 344-351.
[76]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2b.html).
[77]. Eckert, 347-352.
[78]. Black Hawk, 63-64.
[79]. Eckert, 294.
[80]. Perry A. Armstrong, The Sauks and the Black Hawk War (Springfield
IL: H.W. Rokker, 1887), 321.
[81]. Eckert, 325.
[82]. Ibid., 327.
[83]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2b.html).
[84]. Cole, 190.
[85]. Eckert, 423.
[86]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2b.html).
[87]. Cole, 194.
[88]. William Preston Johnston, The life of General Albert Sydney Johnston
(Publisher and date unknown), 38; quoted in Cyrenus Cole, I Am a Man: The
Indian Black Hawk (Iowa City, IO: The State Historical Society, 1938),
196, n. 126.
[89]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2b.html).
[90]. Jackson, 133.
[91]. Eckert, 456.
[92]. Ibid., 414-419.
[93]. Cole, 191.
[94]. Eckert, 451.
[95]. Ibid., 547, n. 308.
[96]. Efflandt, 13.
[97]. Eckert, 477.
[98]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html, 23 January
2007).
[99]. Efflandt, 13.
[100]. Eckert, 470.
[101]. Ibid.
[102]. Ibid., 479.
[103]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html).
[104]. Ibid.
[105]. Cole, 210.
[106]. Eckert, 479-480.
[107]. Ibid., 484.
[108]. Ibid., 485.
[109]. Ibid., 485.
[110]. Jackson, 137.
[111]. Eckert, 448.
[112]. Hagan, 186.
[113]. Black Hawk, 67.
[114]. Hagan, 186.
[115]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html).
[116]. Efflandt, 14.
[117]. Eckert, 495.
[118]. Lewis, (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html).
[119]. Eckert, 496.
[120]. Eckert, 499.
[121]. Eckert, 332.
Works Cited
Armstrong, Perry A. The Sauks and the Black Hawk War. Springfield IL:
H.W. Rokker, 1887.
Black. Hawk. Life of Black Hawk. Edited by Milo Milton Quaife. New
York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1994.
Coffman, Edward M. The Old Army. New York: Oxford University Press,
1986.
Cole, Cyrenus. I Am a Man: The Indian Black Hawk. Iowa City, IO: The
State Historical Society, 1938.
Donald, David Herbert. Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster
Paperbacks, 1995.
Eckert, Allan W. The Twilight of Empire: A Narrative. Ashland, KY:
Jesse Stuart Foundation, 2004.
Efflandt, Lloyd H. The Black Hawk War, Why? Rock Island, IL: Rock
Island Arsenal Historical Society, 1986.
Jackson, Donald. Black Hawk: an Autobiography. Urbana IL: University
of Illinois Press, 1964.
Johnston, William Preston. The life of General Albert Sydney Johnston.
Publisher and date unknown, 38. Quoted in Cyrenus Cole, I Am a Man: The Indian
Black
Hawk, 196, n. 126. Iowa City, IO: The State Historical Society, 1938.
Hagan, William T. The Sac and Fox Indians . Norman OK: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1958.
Lewis, James, Ph.D. The Black Hawk War of 1832 (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/background.html,
(23 January 2007).
_____ (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/scholarshipindex.html, (23 January
2007).
_____ http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2a.html, (23 January 2007).
_____ http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2b.html, (23 January 2007).
_____ http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html, (23 January 2007).
Wakefield, John Allen. History of the War between the United States and the Sac
and Fox Nations of Indians, and Parts of Other Disaffected Tribes of Indians,
in the Years Eighteen Hundred and Twenty-Seven, Thirty-One, and Thirty-Two.
Edited by Stevens Frank Everett. Jacksonville, Ill.: Calvin Goudy, 1834. As
printed by permission: Northern Illinois University at
http://colet.uchicago.edu/cgi-
bin/getobject_?c.58:6./projects/artflb/databases/artfl/lincoln/IMAGE/, 18 Aug
2006.
Copyright © 2007 Robert C. Daniels.
Written by Robert C. Daniels. If you have questions or comments on this article,
please contact Robert Daniels at:
rdaniels26@cox.net.
About the author:
Robert Daniels received his BA in History from Old Dominion University, Norfolk,
VA in 1999 after retiring from the U.S. Navy as a Chief Petty Officer. He has
recently received his MA in Military Studies, Land Warfare from AMU. He has also
written and published a book telling the exploits of a WWII U.S. Marine as he
spent 1,220 days in Japanese POW camps after surrendering on Corregidor. An
excerpt of this book as well a short bio on him and info on his current writing
projects can be viewed on his web page at http://www.robertcdaniels.com.
Published online: 3/18/2007.
* Views expressed by contributors are their own and do not necessarily represent
those of MHO.
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