The Eighth New Hampshire
Infantry
by Mark Hudziak
It was snowing in Manchester, New Hampshire on January 24th, 1862 as the men of
the Eighth New Hampshire Infantry boarded a southbound train and left the
Granite State. Organized in the fall of 1861, the regiment was mustered into
federal service on December 23rd with Colonel Hawkes Fearing, Jr. in command.
Fearing was a Manchester businessman who had served in a militia unit in his
native Massachusetts. He had also served as Lieutenant Colonel of the 4th
Massachusetts Infantry, a three months unit, prior to his appointment as
Colonel of the Eighth New Hampshire.[1] Lieutenant Colonel Oliver Lull was
second in command. Lull was a lawyer from Milford, New Hampshire and had
previously been a member of a New Hampshire militia unit. Both men would make
the most of their limited military backgrounds and prove to be capable
leaders.[2]
The train arrived in Boston, Massachusetts in mid afternoon. The regiment was
supposed to go to Fort Independence in Boston Harbor, but due to the heavy
snowstorm, the men were quartered at historic Faneuil Hall for the night. A few
of the New Hampshire men acquired some of Boston's alcoholic beverage offerings
and had a raucous celebration of their arrival in the city. The celebrants were
"conveniently quieted in a room guarded for their especial benefit" remembered
Lieutenant D. W. King.[3] The next day the regiment was moved to Fort
Independence, where it spent the next three weeks drilling and waiting for
transportation south.[4]
In mid February, six companies under the command of Col. Fearing boarded the
sailing ship E. Wilder Farley and set sail for Ship Island,
Mississippi arriving there on March 15th. The remaining 4 companies under Lt.
Col. Lull embarked on the Eliza and Ella a few days later and sailed
for the same destination. Eliza and Ella had a traumatic, storm filled
voyage. The ship's captain died en route; his body was sewn in canvas and
stowed for later burial on land. This presented an obvious problem. "The
captain's body being offensive, it was hoisted into the ‘mizzen top', and in
that shape we entered port" Lt. King recalled.[5]
The Eighth New Hampshire was assigned to the First Brigade of Major General
Benjamin Butler's three brigade Department of the Gulf.[6] In April and early
May, the Union Army and Navy were in the process of capturing New Orleans, and
4 companies of the regiment were sent with a detachment of troops from the
Seventh Vermont Infantry to occupy former Confederate Forts Pike and Wood on
Lake Ponchartrain. The remainder of the regiment was sent to Camp Parapet just
outside New Orleans, and the detached companies joined them in July.[7]
The Eighth spent a miserable summer at Camp Parapet. The regiment drilled up to
five hours a day in 100-degree heat. [8] Commissary Sergeant Tyler Shattuck had
difficulties obtaining provisions. "The authorities are not capable of taking
charge of a corn crib" he fumed. [9] Men understandably complained about the
drinking water obtained from the Mississippi River. Diseases including
dysentery, typhoid fever, and malaria were rampant in the camp. Some of those
who managed to survive these illnesses were so incapacitated that were
discharged and sent home. [10]
Because of the extensive disease, the regiment was less than half strength with
about 400 men fit for duty when it saw its first serious action in late
October. [11] The Eighth was part of Brigadier General Godfrey Weitzel's
expedition to drive Confederate forces out of the La Fourche District of
Louisiana west of New Orleans. [12]
On October 27th, Weitzel's command advanced south along both sides of Bayou La
Fourche, with the Eighth New Hampshire and Perkins' Company of Massachusetts
Cavalry on the west side, or the Union right. Three infantry regiments and two
batteries of artillery were on the east side. [13] Confederate Brigadier
General Alfred Mouton deployed his Louisiana regiments and batteries and
prepared to meet them. [14] Weitzel expected the heaviest concentration of
enemy forces on the east side, but when he met lighter than expected
opposition, he ordered reinforcements to the west side to avoid a possible
trap. [15] Meanwhile, a squad from Perkins' Cavalry had discovered the enemy
lying in ambush ahead and reported back. Perkins deployed his men as
skirmishers, advanced, and fired. Confederate infantry and artillery returned
fire, and Companies E and F of the Eighth New Hampshire were sent out in
support of the cavalry. [16]
The two companies drew immediate enemy fire and dropped back. The entire
regiment then formed in line of battle and advanced. [17] The well-concealed
defenders drove back the advancing regiment with intense musket and artillery
fire. [18]
As the Eighth fell back, Weitzel himself arrived on the scene. He ordered the
regiment to reform in line of battle across a road next to the bayou with two
other regiments to their right. "The line thus formed advanced steadily at my
command forward" Weitzel reported. [19] The three regiments crept forward under
fire from the still unseen enemy and closed in, finally driving the rebel
defenders out. The Eighth was then sent to the rear to protect the baggage
train, and arrived in time to drive off the Second Louisiana Cavalry before it
could do any damage. [20]
The Eighth New Hampshire suffered 48 total casualties, including 12 killed, in
the Battle of Georgia Landing, or Labadieville as it was also called. This was
about half the total union casualties for the battle. [21]
In January 1863, the War Department combined all the forces in the Department
of the Gulf and created the Nineteenth Army Corps, with Major General Nathaniel
Banks as corps commander. The Eighth New Hampshire was assigned to the 2nd
Brigade of the 3rd Division of the Nineteenth Corps. [22] The regiment's first
action in the Nineteenth Corps was at Fort Bisland on Bayou Teche in mid April,
with the 2nd Brigade commander himself placing the Eighth's flag on the
captured Confederate earthworks. [23]
While Union forces under Major General Ulysses S. Grant were moving on
Vicksburg, Mississippi in May, Banks assembled his command near the Confederate
garrison at Port Hudson, Louisiana 110 miles to the south. The capture of these
two strongholds would secure control of the Mississippi River for the Union. By
May 26th, Banks had surrounded Port Hudson on land on the north, east, and
south while the Union Navy had control of the river on the west. With 14,000
Federals facing about 7000 Confederate defenders, both the Union command and
the men in the ranks were confident the garrison could be taken. Banks planned
a general assault for the next day. [24]
Brigadier General Halbert Paine's 3rd Division was located on the northeast
side of the Confederate garrison and formed the left edge of the Union right
wing. Colonel Fearing had assumed command of the 2nd Brigade, and Lieutenant
Colonel Lull was in command of the regiment. At daylight on the 27th, as the
Eighth New Hampshire formed in line of battle and waited for the order to
proceed, Lull wrote two notes. "The Eighth New Hampshire greets the Fourth
Wisconsin, and will march with you into Port Hudson to-day or die", he wrote to
the commander of the regiment lining up with the Eighth. "This morning we storm
Port Hudson, many of us will never see another day; if I am one, I shall have
done my duty" he wrote to his family. [25]
Fearing ordered two of his regiments forward, but their line was broken up by
heavy Confederate fire from the Tenth Arkansas Infantry. The Eighth New
Hampshire and Fourth Wisconsin were then ordered in. Lt. Col. Lull positioned
himself in front of the regimental colors and ordered "Eighth New Hampshire,
forward, smartly, and steadily, and follow me." The regiment proceeded under
fire and Lull was shot in the thigh. "When he was shot, he dropped on his sword
and tried to steady himself" recalled Lieutenant John J. Nolan. Lull was taken
off the field and died that evening. [26]
The men of the Eighth pressed forward with many reaching the ditch in front of
the Confederate works. The two sides exchanged intense fire at close range,
with heavy casualties. But no reinforcements were sent to support the Eighth,
and the men were forced to pull back and find cover. They continued to fire
from these more sheltered positions for the rest of the day, but despite
suffering 80 total casualties, the Tenth Arkansas held on. [27]
The assault of May 27th failed. The Eighth New Hampshire took 298 into battle
that day, and suffered 124 killed and wounded. A quarter of the total union
casualties for that day occurred in the Eighth New Hampshire and Fourth
Wisconsin. The two sides prepared for a siege. [28]
In mid June, Banks was ready to try to take the garrison again. His main
assault was to be at a position called the Priest Cap, with the Eighth New
Hampshire (now commanded by Captain William M. Barrett) and Fourth Wisconsin
deployed as skirmishers at the head of the attacking federal column. Additional
attacks were to be made simultaneously elsewhere along the line to keep the
defenders from reinforcing the Priest Cap and stopping the main assault. [29]
Before dawn on June 14th, "the most terrific cannonading commenced along the
whole line afloat and ashore" one witness recalled. "Dense clouds of smoke,
which hung heavily over the whole expanse, gave the place the appearance of a
vast volcano in violent eruption." [30] The assault columns had assembled at 2
A.M. about 800 yards from the Confederate works. At about 4 A.M., the columns
were ordered forward, and the men quickly advanced across an open field
offering little cover. When they closed to within 80 to 100 yards, rebel
muskets and artillery opened fire, cutting down many of the advancing Federals.
Some of the men of the Eighth New Hampshire, Fourth Wisconsin, and a few others
reached the parapet. [31]
The hard charging infantrymen began to climb the parapet. Many were shot down
and fell back into the ditch below, but some managed to enter the Rebel works
through a gap in the defenses. "They all fought gallantly" wrote one
Confederate witness "but the main body in the rear evidently could not be
induced to come up to their support". [32] The supporting Union regiments had
stopped and hit the ground due to the heavy fire and pulled back rather than
press the attack. [33] The defenders closed the gap and killed or captured the
Federals that had made it inside the works. Those outside were forced to take
cover where they could in ditches and ravines, with many having to stay there
under the broiling sun until nightfall. All attacks against other points in the
Confederate line were driven back, and this second attempt to take Port Hudson
by storm was another disastrous failure. [34]
The Eighth New Hampshire had gone into action with 217 officers and men and
lost 29 killed and 93 wounded, or 56 per cent casualties. [35] Total Federal
casualties were approximately 1800 killed, wounded, and missing while the
Confederates lost only 22 killed and 25 wounded. This was the Union's most
lopsided defeat of the war when casualties are compared. [36]
No truce was called to collect the dead and wounded until June 17th, when the
stench of decomposing bodies became unbearable. Confederate troops returned the
bodies of the dead to the Federals along with one wounded survivor, Corporal
Charles Conant of the Eighth's Company F. Conant had been wounded in both legs,
but despite lying on the field for three days, his legs were saved and he
survived the war. [37] "I saw 114 dead soldiers buried in one long grave", the
Regimental Chaplain wrote in his diary. I have…papers, and pictures to send to
the friends…How sad a task it is to tell of death and suffering to those at
home. I cannot get the scenes out of my mind". [38]
Banks resumed siege tactics after the June 14th debacle. The Eighth New
Hampshire would not have been able to contribute much if he had tried another
attack. "The situation is that we are badly used up", wrote Lieutenant D.W.
King on June 19th. "Only ninety-seven men and two officers report for service,
and some of those are wounded." [39] When word arrived of the July 4th
surrender of Southern forces at Vicksburg, Major General Franklin Gardner
realized that further resistance by his Confederate troops was useless. He
surrendered the Port Hudson garrison on July 8th, and the Union forces marched
in the next morning. [40] "No regiment at Port Hudson approached the 8th New
Hampshire in the number and severity of its losses," wrote Nineteenth Corps
Assistant Adjutant General Richard Irwin. The regiment suffered 258 total
casualties for the period of May 23rd through July 8th including 30 killed, 198
wounded and 30 missing. This total was the highest of all the Union regiments
engaged at Port Hudson. [41]
On September 4th, the Eighth New Hampshire and other units from the Nineteenth
Corps were loaded on transport vessels and set out from New Orleans accompanied
by Navy gunboats. Their objective was Sabine Pass and the mouth of the Sabine
River on the border of Texas and Louisiana. The Administration in Washington
was concerned that the presence of the French in Mexico might lead to
intervention on the side of the Confederate States, so it wanted to establish a
U.S. foothold in Texas to prevent that from happening. It was thought that a
landing at Sabine Pass would be a good starting point for capturing Houston and
Galveston. But the Navy lost two gunboats to the Confederate defenses, and the
transports returned to New Orleans without having unloaded the ground troops.
The only action seen by the Eighth was when its transport collided with another
vessel. [42] In December of 1863, General Banks requested additional cavalry
regiments but was told none were available. "My only recourse was to form
troops of that arm," he wrote. "I immediately commenced by mounting
infantry…The Eighth New Hampshire Infantry was one of the regiments mounted."
[43] The regiment reported to Franklin, Louisiana, where, according to the
regimental historian it was "mounted, armed with sabers, carbines, and
revolvers, and constantly drilled in the evolutions of the cavalry tactics."
[44] The regiment was renamed the Second New Hampshire Cavalry (though it was
often referred to as mounted infantry) and assigned to the 4th Brigade of the
Cavalry Division of the Nineteenth Corps. [45]
Colonel Fearing, who had been sent back to New Hampshire to enlist more men for
the regiment, returned in December with 350 new recruits. And on January 4th,
1864, 219 veterans with a year left on their enlistments signed up for three
more years. They did not receive the thirty-day furlough usually granted for
re-enlistment, but instead stayed in the field. [46]
On March 7th, 1864 the Cavalry Division of the Nineteenth Corps under the
command of Brigadier General Albert Lee set out from Franklin, Louisiana as the
lead element in the Red River Campaign. This campaign was a combined army-navy
operation. In addition to the Nineteenth Corps, detachments from the Union's
Thirteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Corps participated, along with a naval
fleet totaling 90 vessels of all types. Washington wanted to capture
Shreveport, Louisiana and place Federal forces in position for a possible
invasion of Texas. A side benefit of the campaign was to be the capture of
thousands of bales of cotton in the region for use by New England textile
mills. [47]
Albert Lee's command entered Alexandria, Louisiana on March 20th. Departing
that city on March 28th, the cavalry proceeded up the Red River and skirmished
with small Confederate forces at Monet's Ferry and Cloutierville, before
entering Natchitoches on March 30th. Along the way, the "enemy were busy
burning forage and cotton" noted Regimental Adjutant Thomas C. Prescott. [48]
Lee left Natchitoches on the road to Shreveport on April 6th and moved through
the town of Pleasant Hill the next day. About 3 miles north of Pleasant Hill,
Confederate cavalry charged the Federals at Wilson's Farm and a sharp fight
ensued, before the Rebels pulled back. [49] Lee's cavalry was on the move again
early in the morning on April 8th, and quickly encountered resistance. [50] The
Federals pushed the Rebels back about 6 miles until they reached a ridge called
Honeycutt Hill in the early afternoon. On the other side of the ridge, Lee
found a large Confederate army under the command of Lieutenant General Richard
Taylor waiting. [51]
The Union forces began to form a line with infantry and artillery in the middle
and Lee's cavalry on the right and left. More federals were arriving, but the
Rebels still had superior numbers. About 4 o'clock, Taylor launched an assault
on the Union lines. [52] "Masses of rebels, no less than four lines in depth,
emerged from the woods and charged with impetuous force, while yelling like
crazed demons" Adjutant Prescott remembered. [53] The attack quickly
overwhelmed the Union line, pushing the Federals back about 3 miles until
reinforcements and darkness stopped the Confederate advance. "The men of the
Fourth Brigade fell back in good order, and, according to directions, kept well
on the flanks, repelling the enemy in their attempts to press to our rear" Lee
wrote in his report. [54]
The Battle of Sabine Crossroads, or Mansfield as it was called by the
Confederates, ended the Union drive to Shreveport. On the retreat down river,
the New Hampshire men frequently skirmished with the pursuing enemy. The
regiment suffered 96 killed, wounded and missing during the Red River Campaign.
[55]
The close of the Red River expedition essentially ended the regiment's active
campaigning. In July, the regiment was returned to infantry status, and those
men that had reenlisted in January were finally granted their 30-day furloughs.
When they returned, they joined the rest of the regiment back at Camp Parapet.
[56] The Eighth was then ordered to Natchez, Mississippi for garrison duty.
[57]
The three year enlistments of those original members of the regiment that had
not reenlisted expired in December, leaving 305 reenlisted veterans and
recruits. They were organized into three companies and designated the Eighth
New Hampshire Veteran Battalion. [58] The battalion was engaged in garrison
duty at Natchez and across the Mississippi River at Vidalia, Louisiana for the
remainder of the war. This last remnant of the Eighth New Hampshire Infantry
was mustered out of Federal service at Vicksburg, Mississippi on October 29th,
1865 and the men returned home to New Hampshire, leaving behind 102 comrades
who had died in combat and another 258 lost to disease in the hot, humid bayou
country of Louisiana. [59]
Show Footnotes and
Bibliography
Footnotes
[1]. Otis F.R. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion (Clairemont,
New Hampshire: Tracy Chase & Company, 1870), p. 376, p. 372; Frederick
Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, Iowa: Dyer
Publishing Company, 1908), p. 1350; Massachusetts Soldiers, Sailors, and
Marines in the Civil War, 1861-1865, (Norwood, Massachusetts: The
Norwood Press, 1931), Volume I p. 205. Some accounts list the departure date
from New Hampshire as January 25th instead of the 24th.
[2]. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 373-4.
[3]. John M. Stanyan, History of the Eighth Regiment of New Hampshire
Volunteers, (Concord, New Hampshire: Ira C. Evans, Printer 1892) p.
43-45.
[4]. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 376.
[5]. Mather Cleveland, M.D., New Hampshire Fights the Civil War (New
London, New Hampshire, 1969), p. 72; Waite, New Hampshire in the Great
Rebellion, p. 376; Stanyan, History of the Eighth Regiment, p. 57-59.
[6]. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the
Union and Confederate Armies, (Washington, DC: 1880-1901), Series I,
Volume VI, p. 706-7.
[7]. Richard B. Irwin, History of the Nineteenth Army Corps. 1892
(Reprint: Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Elliot's Book Shop Press, 1985) p. 16;
Cleveland, New Hampshire Fights the Civil War, p. 75.
[8]. Cleveland, New Hampshire Fights the Civil War, p. 75; Daniel B.
Newhall, Letter to Folks at Home, June 25th, 1862, Daniel B. Newhall Papers,
New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, New Hampshire.
[9]. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 366; Stanyan,
History of the Eighth Regiment, p. 120.
[10]. Cleveland, New Hampshire Fights the Civil War, p. 75-76; Waite, New
Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p.376; Stanyan, History of the
Eighth Regiment, p. 126-131.
[11]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth Regiment, p. 144.
[12]. Official Records, Series I, Volume XV, p. 159.
[13]. J. W. DeForest, "The First Time Under Fire", Harper's New Monthly
Magazine, September 1864, p. 476; Arthur W. Bergeron, Jr., "The Yellow
Jackets: The 10th Louisiana Infantry Battalion" Civil War Regiments Volume III,
No.1 p. 14.
[14]. John D. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, (Baton Rouge,
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1963) p. 161.
[15]. Official Records, Series I, Volume XV, p. 168; De Forest, "The
First Time Under Fire", p. 477.
[16]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth New Hampshire, p. 142.
[17]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth New Hampshire, p. 142.
[18]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth New Hampshire, p. 143; J.W.
DeForest, "The First Time Under Fire", p. 480.
[19]. Official Records, Series I, Volume XV, p.168; Bergeron, "The
Yellow Jackets" p. 16.
[20]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth New Hampshire, p. 143; Winters,
The Civil War in Louisiana, p.160-161.
[21]. Official Records, Series I, Volume XV, p. 172.
[22]. Irwin, History of the Nineteenth Army Corps, p. 66; Dyer,
Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, p. 1346.
[23]. Official Records, Series I, Volume XV, p. 342.
[24]. Edward G. Longacre, "The Port Hudson Campaign", Civil War Times
Illustrated, February 1972, p. 22, 25; Winters, The Civil War in
Louisiana, p .248-250; Richard Irwin, "The Capture of Port Hudson" in Battles
and Leaders of the Civil War, Clarence C. Buel and Robert U. Johnson,
editors (1887-1888; Reprint, Secaucus, New Jersey: Castle), Volume III, p. 593.
[25]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth New Hampshire, p. 234-235; George
W. Carter, "The Fourth Wisconsin at Port Hudson" in Volume III of War Papers
Read Before the Commandery of the State of Wisconsin, Military Order of the
Loyal Legion of the United States [Wisconsin MOLLUS], (Reprint:
Wilmington, North Carolina: Broadfoot, 1993), p. 227-228; Irwin, "Capture of
Port Hudson", Battles and Leaders, p. 596, 599.
[26]. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, p. 251; Stanyan, History of
the Eighth Regiment, p. 236-237.
[27]. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 380-381;
Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, p. 251-252; Edward Cunningham, The Port
Hudson Campaign, 1862-1863 (Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State
University Press, Louisiana Paperback Edition, 1994), P. 51-52; M.J. Smith and
James Freret, "Fortification and Siege of Port Hudson", Southern Historical
Society Papers, Volume XIV, (January to December 1886), p. 325.
[28]. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 381; Lawrence
Lee Hewitt, Port Hudson, Confederate Bastion on the Mississippi, (Baton
Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1987) p. 153; Winters, The
Civil War in Louisiana, p. 261.
[29]. Irwin, History of the Nineteenth Army Corps, p. 194, 196;
Cunningham, The Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-1863, p. 83; John S.C.
Abbott, "Siege and Capture of Port Hudson" Harper's New Monthly Magazine March
1865, p. 435.
[30]. Abbott, "Siege and Capture of Port Hudson", p. 435-436.
[31]. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 383; Winters, The
Civil War in Louisiana, p. 268-269; Carter, "The Fourth Wisconsin at
Port Hudson" Wisconsin MOLLUS Vol. III, p. 236.
[32]. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, p. 269; Cunningham, The Port Hudson
Campaign, 1862-1863, p. 84; Smith and Freret; "Fortification and Siege of Port
Hudson", Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. XIV, p. 328.
[33]. Abbott, "Siege and Capture of Port Hudson", p. 436; Waite, New Hampshire
in the Great Rebellion, p. 383.
[34]. Cunningham, The Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-1863, p. 85; Waite, New
Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 383; Carter, "The Fourth
Wisconsin at Port Hudson", Wisconsin MOLLUS Vol. III, p. 237; Winters,
The Civil War in Louisiana, p. 268-273.
[35]. Complete Roster of the Eighth Regiment of New Hampshire Volunteers,
n.p., n.d., p. 104; Irwin, History of the Nineteenth Army Corps, p. 203.
[36]. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, p. 273; Irwin, History of
the Nineteenth Army Corps, p. 201. Reports of Union losses ranged from
1792 to 1805. Longacre, "The Port Hudson Campaign", p. 30.
[37]. Cunningham, The Port Hudson Campaign, p. 96; Stanyan, History of
the Eighth Regiment, p. 265-266; Complete Roster of the Eighth
Regiment, p. 19.
[38]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth Regiment, p. 284.
[39]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth Regiment, p. 283-284.
[40]. Longacre, "The Port Hudson Campaign", p. 30, 34; Irwin, History of the
Nineteenth Corps, p. 231-232.
[41]. Irwin, History of the Nineteenth Corps, p. 202-203; William Fox;
Regimental Losses in the American Civil War (Albany, New York: Albany
Publishing Company, 1889) p. 438.
[42]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth New Hampshire, p. 334-5;
Cleveland, New Hampshire Fights the Civil War, p. 86-7; Irwin, History
of the Nineteenth Army Corps, p. 267; Gary Dillard Joiner, One Damn
Blunder from Beginning to End: The Red River Campaign of 1864 (Wilmington,
Delaware: Scholarly Resources Books, 2003) p. 8-9.
[43]. Official Records, Series I, Vol. XXXIV, Part 3, p. 17.
[44]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth Regiment, p. 349-350.
[45]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth Regiment, p. 349-350; Dyer,
Compendium, p. 1346; Irwin, History of the Nineteenth Corps, p. 474.
[46]. Cleveland, New Hampshire Fights the Civil War, p. 87.
[47]. Richard Irwin, "The Red River Campaign" in Battles and Leaders of the
Civil War, Volume IV, p. 350, 367; Ludwell H. Johnson, Red River
Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War (Kent, Ohio: The Kent
State University Press, 1993), p. 49, 57; Gary D. Joiner, "The Red River
Campaign", Hallowed Ground, Volume 3 Number 4 Winter 2002, p. 18-19.
[48]. Johnson, Red River Campaign, p. 98; Winters, The Civil War in
Louisiana, p. 334-5; Stanyan, History of the Eighth Regiment,
p. 382-3; Complete Roster of the Eighth Regiment, p. 73.
[49]. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXIV, Part 1, p. 453-454;
Joiner, One Damn Blunder, p. 87.
[50]. Joiner, One Damn Blunder, p .89.
[51]. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXIV, Part 1, p. p. 456-457;
Joiner, One Damn Blunder, p. 91.
[52]. Joiner, One Damn Blunder, p. 98; Irwin, History of the
Nineteenth Corps, p. 303-304; Johnson, Red River Campaign, 133-134.
[53]. Stanyan, History of the Eighth Regiment, p. 403.
[54]. Joiner, One Damn Blunder, p. 102-3; Official Records, Series
I, Volume XXXIV, Part 1, p. 458-459.
[55]. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 387-388.
[56]. Official Records, Series I, Volume XLI, Part 2, p. 381;
Cleveland, New Hampshire Fights the Civil War, p. 91.
[57]. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 388.
[58]. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 388-389.
[59]. Waite, New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion, p. 389-394; Dyer, Compendium,
p. 1346, 1350.
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Magazine, March 1865, p. 425-439.
Bergeron, Arthur W. Jr. "The Yellow Jackets: The 10th Louisiana Infantry
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War. 1887-8. Reprint. Secaucus, New Jersey: Castle.
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Commandery of the State of Wisconsin, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the
United States. Reprint: Wilmington, North Carolina: Broadfoot, 1993.
Complete Roster of the Eighth Regiment of New Hampshire Volunteers, n.p.
n.d.
Cunningham, Edward. The Port Hudson Campaign, 1862-1863. Baton Rouge,
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, Louisiana Paperback Edition, 1994.
DeForest, J.W. "The First Time Under Fire." Harper's New Monthly Magazine,
September 1864, p. 475-482.
Dyer, Frederick. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Des Moines,
Iowa: Dyer Publishing Company, 1908.
Fox, William. Regimental Losses in the American Civil War. Albany, New
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Hewitt, Lawrence Lee. Port Hudson, Confederate Bastion on the Mississippi.
(Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1987.
Irwin, Richard B. History of the Nineteenth Army Corps. 1892. Reprint.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Elliot's Book Shop Press, 1985.
Johnson, Ludwell H. Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War.
Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, 1993.
Joiner, Gary Dillard. One Damn Blunder from Beginning to End: The Red River
Campaign of 1864. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Books,
2003.
Joiner, Gary Dillard. "The Red River Campaign" Hallowed Ground, Winter
2002, p. 18-21.
Longacre, Edward G. "The Port Hudson Campaign." Civil War Times Illustrated,
February 1972, p.20-34.
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Copyright © 2008 Mark Hudziak.
Written by Mark Hudziak. If you have questions or comments on this article,
please contact Mark Hudziak at:
iammarkh@gmail.com.
About the author:
Mark Hudziak has a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Wisconsin--Whitewater and is employed as an analytical chemist in Wisconsin, where he lives with his family. He also enjoys history and visiting historic sites including battlefields and has had articles published in a Civil War magazine.
Published online: 07/27/2008.
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